Role of antioxidative enzymes in toxic bloom forming Cyanobacteria

The antioxidative enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in toxic bloom forming cyanobacteria play a pioneer role in scavenging free radicals, which are generated as an outcome of photosynthesis and respiration. Ten Bloom forming toxic cyanobacterial strains Synechococcus elongates, Synechocystis aquatalis, Merismopedia glauca, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. aeruginosa (O), Arthrospira (=Spirulina) platensis, Nostoc paludosum, Anabaena iyengarii, A. variabilis and Cylindrospermum muscicola were isolated from natural blooms and purified. The results depict the significant activity of antioxidative enzymes. In A. platensis the activity of catalase (28.7 ± 2.3 mM/min/ìg protein), and Ascorbate peroxidase (1.91±0.12 mM/min/ìg protein) enzyme was maximum. It was also observed that the activity of ascorbate perooxidase was very less compared to activity of catalase. The growth analysis and pigment profile were also studied. Growth measurements revealed that cells attain maximum growth nearly after 15-20 days of inoculation except S. aquatalis, A. platensis and N. paludosum maximum, where optimum growth was achieved after 25th day. Chlorophyll-a content of A.platensis showed maximum concentration (14.47 ± 1.17 mg/L) and minimum concentration in S. elongates (2.30 ± 0.138 mg/L). The concentration of phycobiliproteins was found maximum in A. platensis (2.09 mg/ml). The detection of antioxidative potential of cyanobacterial strains will help to broaden the knowledge about their survival and can pave path for their utilization in biotechnology

A study of histological changes during development of human fetal kidney in later half of gestation

Background: Prenatal period is a very crucial time for human development. It is important to know the normal developmental of human kidney for better understanding of various congenital renal conditions.Methods: This study was conducted in the department of anatomy, Pt. J. N. M. medical college Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. The materials for study (50 fetuses of gestational age between16 week to 40 weeks from cases of abortions, stillbirth from premature and normal deliveries with apparently normal history of gestation) were obtained from the labour room of the R. N. T. district hospital Kondagaon, Chhattisgarh, India. Fetal kidneys were dissected out; histological slides were made, stained with Hematoxylin and eosin and observed under light microscope.Results: A Subcapsular nephrogenic zone was seen in all kidneys up to 36 weeks of gestational age. Differentiation of kidney into cortex and medulla was seen in all the specimens. Presence of Bowman’s space was seen in 90-95% of glomeruli and vascular pole were present in 65-70% of glomeruli, in all specimens of different gestational age. Parietal epithelial lining of Bowman’s capsule was lined by cuboidal epithelium in immature glomeruli but this showed a gradual transition to a flat variety, with the further maturation of the glomeruli. Proportion of glomeruli with many lobulations, went on increasing with increasing gestational age.Conclusions: From the above findings, it can be concluded that although formation of new glomeruli occurs up to 36 weeks of intrauterine life, differentiation and maturation continues until the last week of third trimester of gestation

Comparison between hysterosalpingography and laparoscopic chromopertubation for the assessment of tubal patency in infertile women

Background: Infertility is a critical component of reproductive health, and has often been neglected in these efforts. The inability to have children affects men and women across the globe. Infertility can lead to distress and depression, as well as discrimination and ostracism. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) of infertile women is useful for the assessment of structure of uterine cavity, tubes and their patency. However, although a more invasive procedure such as laparoscopy (L/S) which is regarded as the most reliable method in detection of tubal pathologies in infertility.Methods: This was a Prospective cross sectional study of 50 patients with history of primary or secondary infertility selected from IPD of Jawaharlal Nehru medical College and Acharya Vinobha Bhave Rural Hospital, Tertiary Health Care Centre Located in Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra (India).  The age group of the patients was between 18 yrs. - 45 yrs. The study population was selected depending upon the total number of patients (fitting the criteria) visiting the IPD of AVBRH Department of Obstetrics and gynecology for a period of 1 years (September 2015 to September 2016). The collected data was compiled and proper statistical formulas were applied to analyze the data collected.Results: The present study include 50 cases of both primary and secondary infertility of which 29 cases (58%) were primary infertility and 21 cases (42%) were secondary  infertility. In this study the 3(6%) cases were found in the age group of 40 years is 3(6%). In the present study, based on Kuppuswamy index most (30%) of the women had class IV socio economic status in both primary and secondary infertility. In the present study, there were 6 (28.57%) cases with History of LSCS, 7 cases (33.33%) had FTND, 6(28.57%) cases had history of abortion, and 2(9.52%) had previous ectopic pregnancy. Moderate degree of agreement was found between findings of both tests.Conclusions: The results suggest that hysterosalpingography is useful as a primary screening procedure, but laparoscopy provides a more accurate assessment of tubal patency in the investigation of infertility

'Enhancing the Employability of Students’ Passing from Technical Institutions

India has the world’s second largest education system and provides one of the largest pool of skilled manpower. In the recent years, the problem of under-employment or rather unemployment among technical and professional engineering graduates & diploma pass outs is a cause of serious concern. Substandard Institutes are producing mere graduates & diploma holders instead of technically sound and competent professionals as intended. These pass outs are either under- employed or if employed, they do not fulfill or meet out the expectations of Industries or organizations. There is immediate need to take few corrective measures by the academic coordinators, policy makers and management of the institutes associated in providing technical manpower to the industries system; otherwise India will face an explosion of unemployed technical graduates/diploma holders. The world of academia will have to understand the nerve of Industries/organizations and require producing true professionals instead of mere graduates/diploma holders. The paper principally focuses on the multiple ways and means with suggested strategies for the technical teachers as well as institutions to plan, practice and administer such innovations in to their daily instructions, so as to fulfill the gap to a large exten

Conceptual framework on - establishing healthy life style centre in Chhattisgarh state, India

Lifestyle diseases characterized by those diseases whose occurrence is primarily based on the daily habits of people and are a result of an inappropriate relationship of people with their environment. The main factors contributing to lifestyle diseases include bad food habits, physical inactivity, wrong body posture, and disturbed biological clock. Lifestyle diseases are the most common causes of disability, morbidity and premature mortality. They account for 52% of deaths, 43% Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) and 62% of total disease burden in India. Life style disease can be prevented through focused and comprehensive public health intervention by establishment of Healthy Life Style Centre (HLSC). HLSC will be a comprehensive approach which will provide health services for Non-Communicable diseases under the one roof. The HLSC will offer consultation, learning, counselling and testing facilities regarding Diabetes and other Non-Communicable diseases (NCD). Life style diseases can be prevented through public health intervention by special task force and policy document related to life style disorders

Studies of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.)

A field experiment was carried out with 34 genotypes of Balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) to assess the variability, heritability and genetic advance with an objective to identify superior genotypes for further crop improvement programme. The experiment was conducted during rainy season 2014 at the Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. These genotypes show significant variation at 5% level of significance for different characters under study. Highest range of variation was reported with the number of flowers/plant (109-221). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was maximum for seed yield/plant, i.e. 29.02 and  26.34 while, minimum in case of length of leaf, i.e.  8.35 and 6.48, respectively. High heritability was observed for all the characters except plant height, width of leaves and duration of flowering. Maximum heritability was recorded for duration of flowering (90.68%) and minimum was observed in width of leaf (30.04). High heritability (h2 = 90.64) with high genetic advance (GA= 71.36) as percentage of mean was observed for number of flowers/plant, which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for number of flowers/plant (71.36) however, lowest for floral bud diameter (0.11) which indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits

Characterization of pectin extracted from Citrus reticulata L. Blanco collected from different altitudes of Sikkim Himalaya

Sikkim mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is most important cash crops of Sikkim Himalaya, a tiny state in North East India. The fruit is usually peeled off and eaten as desert used for extraction of juiceor processed for other products.  The peel is thrown as waste, though it is rich commercially important essentialoil andpectin. The pectin can be obtained from the pulp waste after extraction of essential oil. The essential oil and pectin content is the effect of the climatic functions. In Himalayas, there is abrupt change in microclimate with change in the altitude. C. reticulata in Sikkim Himalayas grows at the altitudinal range of 800 to 1800 metre from mean sea level. During the present studies pectin was extracted from peel waste after extraction of essential oil. The fruits were collected from five different altitude range viz: 800-1000m, 1000-1200m, 1200-1400m, 1400-1600m and >1600m. FTIR works on the basis of functional group showed range from 3607 cm?1 (O-H stretch region) to 748cm?1 (C-H bend) in mature stage and 3585 cm?1(O-H stretch) to 883 (C-Cl stretch)cm?1 in immature stage. Moreover essential oil showed different compound identification. Limonene was found to be the highest at >1600m altitude (88.46%) at mature stage and (89.06%) at immature stage respectively. These variation may be due to different climatic condition and soil of the elevation. The overall results showed that the pectin can be beneficial for industrial use as well as in pharmaceutical health promotion and treatment. Further peel of the species can be evaluated for its rich content of limonene by different industries

Insulin-Related Lipohypertrophy: Lipogenic Action or Tissue Trauma?

Lipohypertrophy has been suggested as an outcome of lipogenic action of insulin and/or injection-related tissue trauma. In a cross-sectional study, we evaluated the predictors of lipohypertrophy in 372 type 1 diabetes patients (mean age 17.1 years) receiving subcutaneous insulin with pen and/or syringes for ≥3 months. On examining injection sites with inspection and palpation technique, 62.1% patients demonstrated lipohypertrophy. Univariate analysis showed that gender, BMI, HbA1c, injection device, rotation, injection area, needle length, insulin regimen, and total daily dose of insulin were associated with lipohypertrophy (p < 0.05). Notably, the mean needle reuse was comparable in patients with or without lipohypertrophy (8.1 vs. 7.2, p = 0.534). In multivariate logistic regression, gender, HbA1c, TDD, injection devices, and needle length lost its significance. Further, injections over smaller area (≤8.5 × 5.5 cm) and non-rotation of sites were found to be strongest independent predictor of lipohypertrophy (p < 0.0005 for both) with increased odds of 23.2 (95% CI 9.1–59.2) and 6.3 (95% CI 3.4–11.9) times, respectively. Being underweight was also a significant independent predictor (odds ratio [OR] 13.0 [95% CI 2.2–75.2], p = 0.004). Compared to rapid plus long-acting analogs, regular insulin plus long-acting analogs and conventional premixed insulin users had 3.2 (95% CI 1.5–6.8, p = 0.003) and 4.6 (95% CI 1.4–15.7, p = 0.014) fold higher risk of lipohypertrophy (mean injection frequency 4.01 vs. 4.01 vs. 2.09, respectively). Sub-group analysis showed that lipohypertrophy was 79% less likely in patients with multiple daily injections (≥4) than twice-daily regimen (OR 0.21, p < 0.0005). Moreover, lipohypertrophy was reduced to half with bolus doses of rapid-acting insulin analogs than regular insulin (p = 0.003), even though mean injection frequency was comparable (4.01 vs. 3.93, p = 0.229). This difference was statistically insignificant for basal doses with NPH or long-acting analogs (p = 0.069). Therefore, injection area, rotation, BMI, and insulin regimen are the best predictors of lipohypertrophy and together could correctly identify lipohypertrophy status in 84.4% patients with excellent discrimination capability (AUC = 0.906, p < 0.0005). In conclusion, findings of our study suggest that delivering rapidly absorbed insulin analogs over large injection area along with greater split of total daily doses reduce insulin-induced lipogenesis and outplay tissue trauma added through frequent injections and needle reuse

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. 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Extracellular enzyme production by environmental strains of Serratia spp. isolated from river Narmada

178-181Serratia a gram-negative enteric bacterium is generally recovered from clinical samples as an opportunistic human pathogen and rarely from water and soil. The extracellular enzymes produced by pathogen add to its virulence. In the present study, the extracellular enzymes secretion by 26 environmental strains of Serratia spp., isolated from different stations of river Narmada was investigated. Majority of isolates were capable of producing extracellular enzymes i.e., amylase, protease, lipase and chitinase, suggesting that they can be exploited as biocontrol and biodegrading agents. All the isolates, except S. fonticola were found to be potent protease producers, while only five isolates of S. marcescens produced chitinase